If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and need to restrict fluids, talk with your doctor before drinking more fluids. Medicine you can buy without a prescription, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs , may relieve your pain. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label. Your doctor can prescribe stronger pain medicine if you need it. Author: Healthwise Staff. Medical Review: E.
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Women's Health. Kidney Stones. Condition Basics What are kidney stones? What causes them? How are they diagnosed? How are kidney stones treated? Health Tools Health Tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health. Decision Points focus on key medical care decisions that are important to many health problems. Actionsets are designed to help people take an active role in managing a health condition. Cause The most common cause of kidney stones is not drinking enough water.
What Increases Your Risk Several things can affect your risk for getting kidney stones. These include: How much fluid you drink. Your diet. Diets high in protein and sodium increase your risk for kidney stones. So do oxalate-rich foods, such as dark green vegetables. If you think that your diet may be a problem, a dietitian can help. Being overweight. This can cause both insulin resistance and increased calcium in the urine, which can increase your risk for kidney stones.
Some medicines can cause kidney stones to form. Learn more Foods High in Oxalate. Prevention You can help prevent kidney stones by drinking plenty of water. Symptoms If kidney stones stay in the kidney, they typically do not cause pain. These include: Sudden, severe pain that gets worse in waves. Stones may cause intense pain in the back, side, abdomen, groin, or genitals. Nausea and vomiting. Blood in the urine. This can occur with stones that stay in the kidney or with those that travel through a ureter.
Frequent and painful urination. This may happen when the stone is in the ureter or after the stone has left the bladder and is in the urethra. Painful urination may occur when a urinary tract infection is also present. What Happens A kidney stone begins as a tiny piece of crystal in the kidney. Learn more Types of Kidney Stones. When to Call Call a doctor now if you have symptoms that suggest you have a kidney stone, such as: Severe pain in your side, belly, groin, or genitals.
It may get worse in waves. Blood in your urine. Signs of a urinary tract infection , such as pain or burning when you urinate. Perhaps the most common misconception is that kidney stones only happen to men, but this is simply not true. Plus, a recent epidemiological study spanning decades demonstrates that people who develop symptoms from kidney stones tend to be female, with the highest increase in incident rates between women ages 18 to Women also had a higher frequency of infected stones as a result of recurrent urinary tract infections UTIs.
Researchers have long noted a correlation between kidney stone rates and temperature, notes Sweet. If you are extremely active and not replenishing fluids in hot, dry weather, that can also increase your risk of developing kidney stones.
While some small kidney stones can pass through the urinary tract and out of your body without being noticed, others have tell-tale signs, most notably: pain. Symptoms are similar regardless of gender, and include pain in your back or sides, radiating pain into the groin, nausea, vomiting, blood in the urine and fever. The key to treating kidney stones is to get the right diagnosis through imaging to see the size and location of the stone.
The obstruction causes the pain. The first course of action is usually to treat the pain and reduce inflammation using medications to see if the stone will break down and pass on its own. For some stones that are under 1 centimeter and are in the ureter, a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder, you can choose a trial of medical expulsion therapy.
In the trial, medicine is taken to relax the smooth muscle in the ureter and facilitate passage of the stone into the bladder. Occasionally a complication called hypercalcemia of pregnancy can occur and cause stones. This treatment is a good option when you only have one or two stones that are softer and not in a dependent location. In other instances — for example, if stones become lodged in the urinary tract, are associated with a urinary infection or cause complications — surgery may be needed.
Your doctor may recommend preventive treatment to reduce your risk of recurrent kidney stones if you're at increased risk of developing them again.
Kidney stones form in your kidneys. As stones move into your ureters — the thin tubes that allow urine to pass from your kidneys to your bladder — signs and symptoms can result. Signs and symptoms of kidney stones can include severe pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and blood in your urine. A kidney stone usually will not cause symptoms until it moves around within your kidney or passes into your ureters — the tubes connecting the kidneys and the bladder.
If it becomes lodged in the ureters, it may block the flow of urine and cause the kidney to swell and the ureter to spasm, which can be very painful. At that point, you may experience these signs and symptoms:. Pain caused by a kidney stone may change — for instance, shifting to a different location or increasing in intensity — as the stone moves through your urinary tract.
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Your in-depth digestive health guide will be in your inbox shortly. You will also receive emails from Mayo Clinic on the latest health news, research, and care. Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause, although several factors may increase your risk. Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances — such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form.
Knowing the type of kidney stone you have helps determine its cause, and may give clues on how to reduce your risk of getting more kidney stones. If possible, try to save your kidney stone if you pass one so that you can bring it to your doctor for analysis.
Calcium stones. Most kidney stones are calcium stones, usually in the form of calcium oxalate. Oxalate is a substance made daily by your liver or absorbed from your diet.
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